Types of spatial data

Vector data

Discrete objects

Contain:  - geometry:  shape & location of the objects
    - attributes:  additional variables (e.g. name, year, type)

Common file format:  GeoJSON, shapefile

Types of spatial data

Raster data

Continuous phenomena or spatial fields

Common file formats:  TIFF, GeoTIFF, NetCDF, Esri grid

Vector data

Types

• point:       single set of coordinates
• multi-point:   multiple sets of coordinates
• polyline:      multiple sets for which the order matters
• multi-polyline:  multiple of the above
• polygon:      same as polyline but first & last sets are the same
• multi-polygon:  multiple of the above

Raster data

Grid of equally sized rectangular cells containing values for some variables

Size of cells = resolution

For computing efficiency, rasters do not have coordinates of each cell, but the bounding box & the number of rows & columns

Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS)

A location on Earth’s surface can be identified by its coordinates & some reference system called CRS

The coordinates (x, y) are called longitude & latitude

There can be a 3^rd coordinate (z) for elevation or other measurement—usually a vertical one

And a 4^th (m) for some other data attribute—usually a horizontal measurement

In 3D, longitude & latitude are expressed in angular units (e.g. degrees) & the reference system needed is an angular CRS or geographic coordinate system (GCS)

In 2D, they are expressed in linear units (e.g. meters) & the reference system needed is a planar CRS or projected coordinate system (PCS)

Datums

Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere, we use spheroidal models to represent its surface. Those are called geodetic datums

Some datums are global, others local (more accurate in a particular area of the globe, but only useful there)

Angular CRS

An angular CRS contains a datum, an angular unit & references such as a prime meridian (e.g. the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England)

In an angular CRS or GCS:

• Longitude (\(\lambda\)) represents the angle between the prime meridian & the meridian that passes through that location

• Latitude (\(\phi\)) represents the angle between the line that passes through the center of the Earth & that location & its projection on the equatorial plane

Longitude & latitude are thus angular coordinates

Projections

To create a two-dimensional map, you need to project this 3D angular CRS into a 2D one

Various projections offer different characteristics. For instance:

• some respect areas (equal-area)
• some respect the shape of geographic features (conformal)
• some almost respect both for small areas

It is important to choose one with sensible properties for your goals

Planar CRS

A planar CRS is defined by a datum, a projection & a set of parameters such as a linear unit & the origins

Common planar CRS have been assigned a unique ID called EPSG code which is much more convenient to use

In a planar CRS, coordinates will not be in degrees anymore but in meters (or other length unit)

Projecting into a new CRS

You can change the projection of your data

Vector data won’t suffer any loss of precision, but raster data will

→  best to try to avoid reprojecting rasters: if you want to combine various datasets which have different projections, reproject vector data instead

Resources

Open GIS data

Free GIS Data: list of free GIS datasets

Books

Geocomputation with R by Robin Lovelace, Jakub Nowosad & Jannes Muenchow
Spatial Data Science by Edzer Pebesma & Roger Bivand
Spatial Data Science with R by Robert J. Hijmans
Using Spatial Data with R by Claudia A. Engel

Tutorial

An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis and Visualisation in R by the CDRC

Resources

Website

r-spatial by Edzer Pebesma, Marius Appel & Daniel Nüst

CRAN package list

Analysis of Spatial Data

Mailing list

R Special Interest Group on using Geographical data and Mapping

Data manipulation

Older packages

• sp
• raster
• rgdal
• rgeos

Newer generation

• sf: vector data
• terra: raster data (also has vector data capabilities)

Mapping

Static maps

• ggplot2 + ggspatial
• tmap

Dynamic maps

• leaflet
• ggplot2 + gganimate
• mapview
• ggmap
• tmap

sf: Simple Features in R

Geospatial vectors: points, lines, polygons

Simple Features—defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) & formalized by ISO—is a set of standards now used by most GIS libraries

Well-known text (WKT) is a markup language for representing vector geometry objects according to those standards

A compact computer version also exists—well-known binary (WKB)—used by spatial databases

The package sp predates Simple Features

sf—launched in 2016—implements these standards in R in the form of sf objects: data.frames (or tibbles) containing the attributes, extended by sfc objects or simple feature geometries list-columns

sf

Useful links

• GitHub repo
• Paper
• Resources
• Cheatsheet
• 6 vignettes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

sf objects

sf objects

sf objects

sf objects

sf objects

sf functions

Most functions start with st_ (which refers to “spatial type”)

terra: Geospatial rasters

Faster and simpler replacement for the raster package by the same team

Mostly implemented in C++

Can work with datasets too large to be loaded into memory

terra

Useful links

• GitHub repo
• Resources
• Full manual

tmap: Layered grammar of graphics GIS maps

tmap

Useful links

• GitHub repo
• Resources

Help pages and vignettes

?tmap-element
vignette("tmap-getstarted")
# All the usual help pages, e.g.:
?tm_layout

tmap functions

Main functions start with tmap_

Functions creating map elements start with tm_

tmap functioning

Very similar to ggplot2

Typically, a map contains:

• One or multiple layer(s) (the order matters as they stack on top of each other)
• Some layout (e.g. customization of title, background, margins): tm_layout
• A compass: tm_compass
• A scale bar: tm_scale_bar

Each layer contains:

• Some data: tm_shape
• How that data will be represented: e.g. tm_polygons, tm_lines, tm_raster

tmap example

tmap example

tmap example

tmap example

tmap example

tmap example

tmap example

tmap example

ggplot2 (the standard in R plots)

Useful links

• GitHub repo
• Resources
• Cheatsheet

ggplot2

geom_sf allows to plot sf objects (i.e. make maps)

Packages

Packages need to be installed before they can be loaded in a session

Packages on CRAN can be installed with:

install.packages("<package-name>")

basemaps is not on CRAN & needs to be installed from GitHub thanks to devtools:

install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("16EAGLE/basemaps")

Packages

We load all the packages that we will need at the top of the script:

library(sf)                 # spatial vector data manipulation
library(tmap)               # map production & tiled web map
library(dplyr)              # non GIS specific (tabular data manipulation)
library(magrittr)           # non GIS specific (pipes)
library(purrr)              # non GIS specific (functional programming)
library(rnaturalearth)      # basemap data access functions
library(rnaturalearthdata)  # basemap data
library(mapview)            # tiled web map
library(grid)               # (part of base R) used to create inset map
library(ggplot2)            # alternative to tmap for map production
library(ggspatial)          # spatial framework for ggplot2
library(terra)              # gridded spatial data manipulation
library(ggmap)              # download basemap data
library(basemaps)           # download basemap data
library(magick)             # wrapper around ImageMagick STL
library(leaflet)            # integrate Leaflet JS in R

Randolph Glacier Inventory

This dataset contains the contour of all glaciers on Earth

We will focus on glaciers in Western North America

You can download & unzip 02_rgi60_WesternCanadaUS & 01_rgi60_Alaska from the Randolph Glacier Inventory version 6.0

Reading in data

Data get imported & turned into sf objects with the function sf::st_read:

ak <- st_read("data/01_rgi60_Alaska")

Reading in data

ak <- st_read("data/01_rgi60_Alaska")

Reading layer `01_rgi60_Alaska' from data source `./data/01_rgi60_Alaska'
               using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
Simple feature collection with 27108 features and 22 fields
Geometry type: POLYGON
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: -176.1425 ymin: 52.05727 xmax: -126.8545 ymax: 69.35167
Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84

Reading in data

First look at the data

ak

Simple feature collection with 27108 features and 22 fields
Geometry type: POLYGON
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: -176.1425 ymin: 52.05727 xmax: -126.8545 ymax: 69.35167
Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84
First 10 features:
           RGIId        GLIMSId  BgnDate  EndDate    CenLon   CenLat O1Region
1  RGI60-01.00001 G213177E63689N 20090703 -9999999 -146.8230 63.68900        1
2  RGI60-01.00002 G213332E63404N 20090703 -9999999 -146.6680 63.40400        1
3  RGI60-01.00003 G213920E63376N 20090703 -9999999 -146.0800 63.37600        1
4  RGI60-01.00004 G213880E63381N 20090703 -9999999 -146.1200 63.38100        1
5  RGI60-01.00005 G212943E63551N 20090703 -9999999 -147.0570 63.55100        1
6  RGI60-01.00006 G213756E63571N 20090703 -9999999 -146.2440 63.57100        1
7  RGI60-01.00007 G213771E63551N 20090703 -9999999 -146.2295 63.55085        1
8  RGI60-01.00008 G213704E63543N 20090703 -9999999 -146.2960 63.54300        1
9  RGI60-01.00009 G212400E63659N 20090703 -9999999 -147.6000 63.65900        1
10 RGI60-01.00010 G212830E63513N 20090703 -9999999 -147.1700 63.51300        1
O2Region   Area Zmin Zmax Zmed Slope Aspect  Lmax Status Connect Form
1         2  0.360 1936 2725 2385    42    346   839      0       0    0
2         2  0.558 1713 2144 2005    16    162  1197      0       0    0
3         2  1.685 1609 2182 1868    18    175  2106      0       0    0
4         2  3.681 1273 2317 1944    19    195  4175      0       0    0
5         2  2.573 1494 2317 1914    16    181  2981      0       0    0
6         2 10.470 1201 3547 1740    22     33 10518      0       0    0
7         2  0.649 1918 2811 2194    23    151  1818      0       0    0
8         2  0.200 2826 3555 3195    45     80   613      0       0    0
9         2  1.517 1750 2514 1977    18    274  2255      0       0    0
10        2  3.806 1280 1998 1666    17     35  3332      0       0    0
TermType Surging Linkages Name                       geometry
1         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.818 63.69081...
2         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.6635 63.4076...
3         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.0723 63.3834...
4         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.149 63.37919...
5         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-147.0431 63.5502...
6         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.2436 63.5562...
7         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.2495 63.5531...
8         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-146.2992 63.5443...
9         0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-147.6147 63.6643...
10        0       9        9 <NA> POLYGON ((-147.1494 63.5098...

Structure of the data

str(ak)

Classes ‘sf’ and 'data.frame':  27108 obs. of  23 variables:
$ RGIId   : chr  "RGI60-01.00001" "RGI60-01.00002" "RGI60-01.00003" ...
$ GLIMSId : chr  "G213177E63689N" "G213332E63404N" "G213920E63376N" ...
$ BgnDate : chr  "20090703" "20090703" "20090703" "20090703" ...
$ EndDate : chr  "-9999999" "-9999999" "-9999999" "-9999999" ...
$ CenLon  : num  -147 -147 -146 -146 -147 ...
$ CenLat  : num  63.7 63.4 63.4 63.4 63.6 ...
$ O1Region: chr  "1" "1" "1" "1" ...
$ O2Region: chr  "2" "2" "2" "2" ...
$ Area    : num  0.36 0.558 1.685 3.681 2.573 ...
$ Zmin    : int  1936 1713 1609 1273 1494 1201 1918 2826 1750 1280 ...
$ Zmax    : int  2725 2144 2182 2317 2317 3547 2811 3555 2514 1998 ...
$ Zmed    : int  2385 2005 1868 1944 1914 1740 2194 3195 1977 1666 ...
$ Slope   : num  42 16 18 19 16 22 23 45 18 17 ...
$ Aspect  : int  346 162 175 195 181 33 151 80 274 35 ...
$ Lmax    : int  839 1197 2106 4175 2981 10518 1818 613 2255 3332 ...
$ Status  : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
$ Connect : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
$ Form    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
$ TermType: int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
$ Surging : int  9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ...
$ Linkages: int  9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ...
$ Name    : chr  NA NA NA NA ...
$ geometry:sfc_POLYGON of length 27108; first list element: List of 1
..$ : num [1:65, 1:2] -147 -147 -147 -147 -147 ...
..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:3] "XY" "POLYGON" "sfg"
- attr(*, "sf_column")= chr "geometry"
- attr(*, "agr")= Factor w/ 3 levels "constant","aggregate",..: NA NA NA ...
..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:22] "RGIId" "GLIMSId" "BgnDate" "EndDate" ...

Inspect your data

Glacier National Park dataset

This dataset contains a time series of the retreat of 39 glaciers of Glacier National Park, MT, USA

for the years 1966, 1998, 2005 & 2015

You can download and unzip the 4 sets of files from the USGS website

Read in and clean datasets

Create a function that reads and cleans the data:

prep <- function(dir) {
  g <- st_read(dir)
  g %<>% rename_with(~ tolower(gsub("Area....", "area", .x)))
  g %<>% dplyr::select(
    year,
    objectid,
    glacname,
    area,
    shape_leng,
    x_coord,
    y_coord,
    source_sca,
    source
  )
}

Combine datasets into one sf object

Check that the CRS are all the same:

all(sapply(
  list(st_crs(gnp[[1]]),
       st_crs(gnp[[2]]),
       st_crs(gnp[[3]]),
       st_crs(gnp[[4]])),
  function(x) x == st_crs(gnp[[1]])
))

[1] TRUE

Combine datasets into one sf object

We can rbind the elements of our list:

gnp <- do.call("rbind", gnp)

You can inspect your new sf object by calling it or with str

Estimate for ice thickness

This dataset contains an estimate for the ice thickness of all glaciers on Earth

The nomenclature follows the Randolph Glacier Inventory

Ice thickness being a spatial field, this is raster data

We will use data in RGI60-02.16664_thickness.tif from the ETH Zürich Research Collection which corresponds to one of the glaciers (Agassiz) of Glacier National Park

Load raster data

Read in data and create a SpatRaster object:

ras <- rast("data/RGI60-02/RGI60-02.16664_thickness.tif")

Inspect our SpatRaster object

ras

class       : SpatRaster 
dimensions  : 93, 74, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
resolution  : 25, 25  (x, y)
extent      : 707362.5, 709212.5, 5422962, 5425288  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 
source      : RGI60-02.16664_thickness.tif 
name        : RGI60-02.16664_thickness 

nlyr gives us the number of bands (a single one here). You can also run str(ras)

Our data

We now have 3 sf objects & 1 SpatRaster object:

• ak:  contour of glaciers in AK
• wes:  contour of glaciers in the rest of Western North America
• gnp:  time series of 39 glaciers in Glacier National Park, MT, USA
• ras:  ice thickness of the Agassiz Glacier from Glacier National Park

Let’s map our sf object ak

At a bare minimum, we need tm_shape with the data & some info as to how to represent that data:

tm_shape(ak) +
  tm_polygons()

We need to label & customize it

tm_shape(ak) +
  tm_polygons() +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Glaciers of Alaska",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    title.size = 1.1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.06, 0.01, 0.09, 0.01),
    outer.margins = 0,
    frame.lwd = 0.2
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    size = 1.2,
    text.size = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 500, 1000),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM")
  )

Make a map of the wes object

Now, let’s make a map with ak & wes

st_crs(ak) == st_crs(wes)

[1] TRUE

Our combined map

Let’s start again with a minimum map without any layout to test things out:

tm_shape(ak) +
  tm_polygons() +
  tm_shape(wes) +
  tm_polygons()

What went wrong?

Maps are bound by “bounding boxes”. In tmap, they are called bbox

tmap sets the bbox the first time tm_shape is called. In our case, the bbox was thus set to the bbox of the ak object

We need to create a new bbox for our new map

Retrieving bounding boxes

sf has a function to retrieve the bbox of an sf object: st_bbox

The bbox of ak is:

st_bbox(ak)

xmin         ymin       xmax         ymax
-176.14247   52.05727   -126.85450   69.35167

Combining bounding boxes

bbox objects can’t be combined directly

Here is how we can create a new bbox encompassing both of our bboxes:

• First, we transform our bboxes to sfc objects with st_as_sfc
• Then we combine those objects into a new sfc object with st_union
• Finally, we retrieve the bbox of that object with st_bbox:

nwa_bbox <- st_bbox(
  st_union(
    st_as_sfc(st_bbox(wes)),
    st_as_sfc(st_bbox(ak))
  )
)

Back to our map

We can now use our new bounding box for the map of Western North America:

tm_shape(ak, bbox = nwa_bbox) +
  tm_polygons() +
  tm_shape(wes) +
  tm_polygons() +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Glaciers of Western North America",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    title.size = 1.1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.06, 0.01, 0.09, 0.01),
    outer.margins = 0,
    frame.lwd = 0.2
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    size = 1.2,
    text.size = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 1000, 2000),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM")
  )

Let’s add a basemap

We will use data from Natural Earth, a public domain map dataset

There are much more fancy options, but they usually involve creating accounts (e.g. with Google) to access some API

In addition, this dataset can be accessed direction from within R thanks to the rOpenSci packages:

• rnaturalearth: provides the functions
• rnaturalearthdata: provides the data

Create an sf object with states/provinces

states_all <- ne_states(
  country = c("canada", "united states of america"),
  returnclass = "sf"
)

Select relevant states/provinces

states <- states_all %>%
  filter(name_en == "Alaska" |
           name_en == "British Columbia" |
           name_en == "Yukon" |
           name_en == "Northwest Territories" |
           name_en ==  "Alberta" |
           name_en == "California" |
           name_en == "Washington" |
           name_en == "Oregon" |
           name_en == "Idaho" |
           name_en == "Montana" |
           name_en == "Wyoming" |
           name_en == "Colorado" |
           name_en == "Nevada" |
           name_en == "Utah"
         )

Add the basemap to our map

st_crs(states) == st_crs(ak)

[1] TRUE

Add the basemap to our map

We add the basemap as a 3^rd layer

Mind the order! If you put the basemap last, it will cover your data

Of course, we will use our nwa_bbox bounding box again

We will also break tm_polygons into tm_borders and tm_fill for ak and wes in order to colourise them with slightly different colours

Add the basemap to our map

tm_shape(states, bbox = nwa_bbox) +
  tm_polygons(col = "#f2f2f2", lwd = 0.2) +
  tm_shape(ak) +
  tm_borders(col = "#3399ff") +
  tm_fill(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_shape(wes) +
  tm_borders(col = "#3399ff") +
  tm_fill(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Glaciers of Western North America",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    title.size = 1.1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.06, 0.01, 0.09, 0.01),
    outer.margins = 0,
    frame.lwd = 0.2
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    size = 1.2,
    text.size = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 1000, 2000),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM")
  )

tmap styles

tmap has a number of styles that you can try

For instance, to set the style to “classic”, run the following before making your map:

tmap_style("classic")

tmap styles

To return to the default, you need to run

tmap_style("white")

or

tmap_options_reset()

which will reset every tmap option

First, let’s map it

Let’s use the same tm_borders and tm_fill we just used:

tm_shape(gnp) +
  tm_borders(col = "#3399ff") +
  tm_fill(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Glaciers of Glacier National Park",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    legend.title.color = "#fcfcfc",
    legend.text.size = 1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.07, 0.03, 0.07, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    text.size = 0.7
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 10, 20),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 1
  )

Create an inset map

As always, first we check that the CRS are the same:

st_crs(gnp) == st_crs(ak)

[1] FALSE

CRS transformation

We need to reproject gnp into the CRS of our other sf objects (e.g. ak):

gnp <- st_transform(gnp, st_crs(ak))

st_crs(gnp) == st_crs(ak)

[1] TRUE

Inset maps: first step

Add a rectangle showing the location of the GNP map in the main North America map

We need to create a new sfc object from the gnp bbox so that we can add it to our previous map as a new layer:

gnp_zone <- st_bbox(gnp) %>%
  st_as_sfc()

Inset maps: second step

Create a tmap object of the main map. Of course, we need to edit the title. Also, note the presence of our new layer:

main_map <- tm_shape(states, bbox = nwa_bbox) +
  tm_polygons(col = "#f2f2f2", lwd = 0.2) +
  tm_shape(ak) +
  tm_borders(col = "#3399ff") +
  tm_fill(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_shape(wes) +
  tm_borders(col = "#3399ff") +
  tm_fill(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_shape(gnp_zone) +
  tm_borders(lwd = 1.5, col = "#ff9900") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Glaciers of Glacier National Park",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    title.size = 1.1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.06, 0.01, 0.09, 0.01),
    outer.margins = 0,
    frame.lwd = 0.2
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    size = 1.2,
    text.size = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 500, 1000),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM")
  )

Inset maps: third step

Create a tmap object of the inset map

We make sure to matching colours & edit the layouts for better readability:

inset_map <- tm_shape(gnp) +
  tm_borders(col = "#3399ff") +
  tm_fill(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_layout(
    legend.show = F,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0,
    frame = "#ff9900",
    frame.lwd = 3
  )

Inset maps: final step

Combine the two tmap objects

We print the main map & add the inset map with grid::viewport:

main_map
print(inset_map, vp = viewport(0.41, 0.26, width = 0.5, height = 0.5))

Map of the Agassiz Glacier

Select the data points corresponding to the Agassiz Glacier:

ag <- gnp %>% filter(glacname == "Agassiz Glacier")

Map of the Agassiz Glacier

tm_shape(ag) +
  tm_polygons() +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Agassiz Glacier",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    legend.position = c("left", "bottom"),
    legend.title.color = "#fcfcfc",
    legend.text.size = 1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.07, 0.03, 0.07, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    text.size = 0.7
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 0.5, 1),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 1
  )

Map of the Agassiz Glacier

Map based on attribute variables

tm_shape(ag) +
  tm_polygons("year", palette = "Blues") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Agassiz Glacier",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    legend.position = c("left", "bottom"),
    legend.title.color = "#fcfcfc",
    legend.text.size = 1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.07, 0.03, 0.07, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    text.size = 0.7
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 0.5, 1),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 1
  )

Using ggplot2 instead of tmap

As an alternative to tmap, ggplot2 can plot maps with the geom_sf function:

ggplot(ag) +
  geom_sf(aes(fill = year)) +
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Blues") +
  labs(title = "Agassiz Glacier") +
  annotation_scale(location = "bl", width_hint = 0.4) +
  annotation_north_arrow(location = "tr", which_north = "true",
                         pad_x = unit(0.75, "in"), pad_y = unit(0.5, "in"),
                         style = north_arrow_fancy_orienteering) +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

The package ggspatial adds a lot of functionality to ggplot2 for spatial data

Faceted map of the retreat of Agassiz

tm_shape(ag) +
  tm_polygons(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_layout(
    main.title = "Agassiz Glacier",
    main.title.position = c("center", "top"),
    main.title.size = 1.2,
    legend.position = c("left", "bottom"),
    legend.title.color = "#fcfcfc",
    legend.text.size = 1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0, 0.03, 0, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0,
    panel.label.bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    frame = F,
    asp = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    size = 1,
    text.size = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 0.5, 1),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 0.6
  ) +
  tm_facets(
    by = "year",
    free.coords = F,
    ncol = 4
  )

Animated map of the Retreat of Agassiz

First, we need to create a tmap object with facets:

agassiz_anim <- tm_shape(ag) +
  tm_polygons(col = "#86baff") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Agassiz Glacier",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    legend.position = c("left", "bottom"),
    legend.title.color = "#fcfcfc",
    legend.text.size = 1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.08, 0, 0.08, 0),
    outer.margins = 0,
    panel.label.bg.color = "#fcfcfc"
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    text.size = 0.7
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 0.5, 1),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 1
  ) +
  tm_facets(
    along = "year",
    free.coords = F
  )

Animated map of the Retreat of Agassiz

Then we can pass that object to tmap_animation:

tmap_animation(
  agassiz_anim,
  filename = "ag.gif",
  dpi = 300,
  inner.margins = c(0.08, 0, 0.08, 0),
  delay = 100
)

Map of ice thickness of Agassiz

Now, let’s map the estimated ice thickness on Agassiz Glacier. This time, we use tm_raster:

tm_shape(ras) +
  tm_raster(title = "") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Ice thickness (m) of Agassiz Glacier",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    legend.position = c("left", "bottom"),
    legend.bg.color = "#ffffff",
    legend.text.size = 1,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.07, 0.03, 0.07, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    text.size = 0.7
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 0.5, 1),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 1
  )

Combining with Randolph data

As always, we check whether the CRS are the same:

st_crs(ag) == st_crs(ras)

[1] FALSE

We need to reproject ag (remember that it is best to avoid reprojecting raster data):

ag %<>% st_transform(st_crs(ras))

Combining with Randolph data

The layers hide each other (the order matters!). You can use tm_borders for one of them or transparency (alpha). We also adjust the legend:

tm_shape(ras) +
  tm_raster(title = "Ice (m)") +
  tm_shape(ag) +
  tm_polygons("year", palette = "Blues", alpha = 0.2, title = "Contour") +
  tm_layout(
    title = "Ice thickness (m) and retreat of Agassiz Glacier",
    title.position = c("center", "top"),
    legend.position = c("left", "bottom"),
    legend.bg.color = "#ffffff",
    legend.text.size = 0.7,
    bg.color = "#fcfcfc",
    inner.margins = c(0.07, 0.03, 0.07, 0.03),
    outer.margins = 0
  ) +
  tm_compass(
    type = "arrow",
    position = c("right", "top"),
    text.size = 0.7
  ) +
  tm_scale_bar(
    breaks = c(0, 0.5, 1),
    position = c("right", "BOTTOM"),
    text.size = 1
  )

Refining raster maps

Let’s go back to our ice thickness map:

Basemap with ggmap

basemap <- get_map(
  bbox = c(
    left = st_bbox(ag)[1],
    bottom = st_bbox(ag)[2],
    right = st_bbox(ag)[3],
    top = st_bbox(ag)[4]
  ),
  source = "osm"
)

Basemap with basemaps

The package basemaps allows to download open source basemap data from several sources, but those cannot easily be combined with sf objects

This plots a satellite image of the Agassiz Glacier:

basemap_plot(ag, map_service = "esri", map_type = "world_imagery")

Satellite image of the Agassiz Glacier

mapview

mapview(gnp)

tmap

So far, we have used the plot mode of tmap. There is also a view mode which allows interactive viewing in a browser through Leaflet

Change to view mode:

tmap_mode("view")

Re-plot the last map we plotted with tmap:

tmap_last()

leaflet

leaflet creates a map widget to which you add layers

map <- leaflet()
addTiles(map)

Resources

Here are some resources on the topic to get started.

• R companion to Geographic Information Analysis
• Spatial data analysis